BackgroundIbuprofen is the most common pain reliever available worldwide, and it is the first drug to be licensed for use as a COX-2 inhibitor. This study aimed to assess the effect of Ibuprofen (NSAID) on COX-2, COX-1, and COX-2 and other related markers in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) who were given ibuprofen (NSAID).
MethodsThe study included 826 patients, of which 435 (37.1%) were diagnosed with OA on the basis of physical examination and laboratory testing. The patients were randomly divided into two groups according to the treatment of NSAID for OA. Patients in the ibuprofen group were treated with ibuprofen for 6 weeks (group I) and then were given ibuprofen for another 12 weeks (group II) after OA. The study included 639 patients who were diagnosed with OA on the basis of physical examination and laboratory testing. The patients were given ibuprofen for a period of 6 weeks (group I), and the study included 639 patients who were given ibuprofen for a period of 3 months (group II) after OA. COX-2, COX-1, and COX-2 expression in the OA tissue was evaluated using the messenger RNA (mRNA) level. All the patients in the ibuprofen group were also subjected to clinical evaluation.
ResultsThe expression of mRNA, protein, and protein-coding genes was significantly increased in patients with OA on the basis of physical examination (p < 0.001 vs the control group). There was a significant increase in the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein in patients with OA on the basis of the mRNA level of COX-1 (p < 0.001 vs the ibuprofen group). There was a significant increase in mRNA expression of COX-1 (p < 0.001 vs the ibuprofen group).
ConclusionIbuprofen has an effective analgesic effect, but its effect on OA should be considered only when patients are treated with NSAIDs. NSAIDs may decrease the levels of COX-1 and COX-2, which may lead to an increase in the expression of COX-2 and COX-1, leading to an increase in the expression of the marker COX-1 in OA.
Citation:Kumar P, Singh M, Bhatnagar A, Vassaries S, Shah J, et al. (2012) The effect of ibuprofen (NSAID) on COX-2, COX-1, and COX-2 expression in human osteoarthritis. PLoS ONE 12(6): e025797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.025797
Editor:Murali Suresh, Indian Institute of Biological Sciences, Delhi, India
Received:May 10, 2012;Accepted:October 30, 2012;Published:October 15, 2012
Copyright:© 2012 Kumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability:All the relevant data are within the manuscript and its files.
Funding:This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10632021). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain in patients with osteoarthritis, which has a wide range of uses and a long history of use. NSAIDs are widely used for the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with OA. However, their effects on the gastrointestinal tract have been poorly investigated.
1.2. Statistical analysis
A1 and A2 are two independent variables, which are treated as independent variables when applicable. The normal distribution of values (A1 and A2) are given in the form of normal distribution with one standard deviation. The dependent variable is the clearance time of the first dose (T1) of ibuprofen.
A1 is the clearance time of first dose (T1) of ibuprofen and A2 is the clearance time of the second dose (T2) of ibuprofen. T1 and T2 are the time intervals between T1 and T2. T1 is the time interval between T1 and T2. The clearance of the first dose of ibuprofen and the second dose of ibuprofen are calculated using the following formula:
FibroXTM = (2 x [A1 − A2] + [A1 + A2] + [A1 + A2]/[1 − A1 + A2])
where Fib is the time of the first dose (T1) of the first dose of ibuprofen and A is the amount of ibuprofen (mg) given.
The values of T1 and T2 are expressed as follows:
FibroXTM = (FibxM + A1 + A2)/[FibxM + FibxM]
where FibxM is the time of the first dose (T1) of the first dose (T1) of the second dose (T2) of ibuprofen and FibxM + A is the time of the second dose (T2) of ibuprofen.
T1 is the time between T1 and T2.
FibroXTM = (FibxM + A1 + A2)/[FibxM + T1 + T2]
FibXM is the time between T1 and T2.
FibxM = (FibxM + A1 + A2)/[FibxM + T1 + T2]
FibXM and T1 are the time of the first dose (T1) of the first dose (T1) of the second dose (T2) of ibuprofen and FibXM + A is the time of the second dose (T2) of ibuprofen.
FibXM and T2 are the time of the first dose (T1) of the first dose (T1) of the second dose (T2) of ibuprofen and FibXM + A is the time of the second dose (T2) of ibuprofen.
FibXTM = (FibxM + A1 + A2)/[FibxM + FibxM]
where FibxM is the time of the first dose (T1) of the first dose (T1) of the second dose (T2) of ibuprofen and FibXM + A is the time of the second dose (T2) of ibuprofen.
FibXTM is the time between T1 and T2.
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that works to reduce pain and swelling. It is available in tablet, capsule and injection forms and is used to treat pain in the joints and muscles. Ibuprofen may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
How to take it:
The usual dose of ibuprofen is one 800 mg tablet per day in divided doses every 4 to 6 hours, or one 800 mg tablet per day in divided doses every 6 to 8 hours, or one 200 mg tablet per day in divided doses every 12 to 14 days.
How long to take it:
It is recommended to take ibuprofen for up to 14 days unless advised by your doctor. Continue taking ibuprofen for the recommended period of 4 to 6 days, even if you feel better. If you stop taking ibuprofen, you may need to use another medication.
When to stop taking it:
If you are elderly, have kidney problems, or have heart failure, stop taking ibuprofen and talk to your doctor. Do not stop taking ibuprofen unless advised by your doctor. If you have kidney problems, please talk to your doctor.
If you have not tried other painkillers yet, please talk to your doctor or pharmacist.If you are taking other NSAIDs, talk to your doctor.
If you are unsure about the best dose for you:
Take ibuprofen exactly as directed by your doctor. Do not take more than the recommended dose. Do not take ibuprofen for longer than 4 weeks, unless advised by your doctor. If you have any other medical conditions, please tell your doctor or pharmacist before taking ibuprofen.
Side effects:
Please be aware that there may be possible side effects, which we have not evaluated in the same way.
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these:
This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have any concerns about any side effects in your family or other close friends, call your doctor or a pharmacist.
Allergic reactions (e.g. hay fever, rash, urticaria) may occur. If this happens, seek immediate medical attention.
Get immediate medical help if you have any serious side effects (including serious side effects that do not go away):
- sudden decrease or loss of hearing, ringing in the ears, dizziness, or fainting.
- signs of severe stomach pain, pain, and swelling.
- skin rash, fever.
- symptoms of breathing problems.
- signs of allergic reaction, swelling of your face, lips, tongue or throat.
- signs of a severe skin reaction that may spread to the bloodstream and cause breathing difficulty, difficulty in swallowing or breathing.
- signs of severe heart failure, you have symptoms of heart failure including shortness of breath, severe chest pain, slurred speech, weakness, feeling anxious, or a fast or irregular heartbeat.
- symptoms of shock, low blood pressure.
- signs of severe liver damage.
- signs of yellowing of your skin, eyes, mouth or nose, and redness of the skin.
- swelling of your lips, tongue or throat.
- severe pain or difficulty in breathing.
- signs that you have a serious reaction to any of the other ingredients in the product.
- you have a fever, sore throat or mouth, and a swollen mouth, lips, throat, throat soreness, red or swollen tongue or lips, and difficulty in swallowing.
If you have any concerns, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
If you get any side effect that you cannot follow the links below, please contact your doctor or a pharmacist.
See full product information.A study on the use of ibuprofen for children aged four to nine has found that the medication is associated with an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes in children, and the use of ibuprofen may also increase the risk of developing asthma in children.
In the latest study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers analysed data from a study of children aged four to nine in England. This study, which involved more than 600 children from three national health systems, found that the use of ibuprofen was associated with a higher risk of developing heart attacks and strokes, and an increased risk of developing asthma in children.
The researchers examined records from a population-based survey conducted in 2008 and found that the medication use was associated with an increased risk of heart attacks, heart failure and strokes in children, and an increased risk of asthma in children. The risk of heart attacks and strokes was higher in children who were prescribed ibuprofen than in those who did not.
The study showed that children aged four to nine had a higher risk of heart attacks and strokes than those who did not use ibuprofen. In addition, the risk of asthma was higher in children who were treated with ibuprofen.
The study was funded by the British Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (BSMA).
The researchers said: "This study demonstrates that the use of ibuprofen in children is associated with a risk of heart attacks and strokes and a risk of asthma. Ibuprofen is known to cause allergic reactions in children and is therefore important in preventing these effects.
In order to ensure that patients are able to use paracetamol in the treatment of non-serious and/or non-acute liver failure
The treatment of non-serious and/or non-acute liver failure has been limited by the fact that the acute liver failure is often secondary to other factors such as the use of drugs to treat the acute liver failure
The risk for the risk of adverse effects associated with the use of drugs used to treat chronic liver failure is higher than the risk for the use of other drugs used to treat liver failure.
There are several ways to ensure that patients can use paracetamol in the treatment of chronic liver failure and that other drugs can also be used to treat the acute liver failure.
The main drug used in the treatment of the acute liver failure is ibuprofen (a type of NSAID).
The main drug used in the treatment of the chronic liver failure is paracetamol. Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
There are also some other drugs used in the treatment of the chronic liver failure that are available as generic drugs.
There is no generic paracetamol available to treat the acute liver failure and in the treatment of the chronic liver failure is a new drug called indomethacin (indomethacin).
This drug is known as the “indomethacin” and it is given in combination with other drugs to treat liver failure.
It is also known as the indomethacin. The indomethacin is given in combination with the drug indomethacin and in the treatment of liver failure.
Indomethacin is given in combination with paracetamol and in the treatment of liver failure.
This drug is known as the indomethacin and it is given in combination with the drug indomethacin and in the treatment of liver failure.
Indomethacin is given in combination with the drug indomethacin and in the treatment of liver failure.
You can buy either ibuprofen and naproxen from our online pharmacy or by ordering from our online pharmacy. However, it is important to note that the two medications differ in terms of how much pain they cause and when they are taken.
Ibuprofen and naproxen are the active ingredients in the following medicines:
Each time you use them, you have to take a dose of each of the active ingredients and tell the doctor or pharmacist if your pain is too much or too little.
Ibuprofen and naproxen are the active ingredients in the following pain relievers:
Ibuprofen and naproxen are the active ingredients in the following medications:
Stade de France Pharmacy